Hybrid PoW/DPoS Consensus Mechanism
Bitcoin Solaris implements an innovative hybrid consensus mechanism that combines Proof-of-Work (PoW) and Delegated Proof-of-Stake (DPoS) across its dual-layer architecture. This approach leverages the security and decentralization of PoW with the scalability and energy efficiency of DPoS.
1. Base Layer: Proof-of-Work (PoW)
The Base Layer of Bitcoin Solaris utilizes a PoW consensus mechanism similar to Bitcoin, with some modifications:
1.1 Mining Algorithm
Algorithm: SHA-256 (compatible with existing Bitcoin mining hardware)
Difficulty Adjustment: Every 1008 blocks (approximately 3.5 days)
Block Time: 300 seconds (5 minutes)
1.2 Block Validation
Miners compete to solve the PoW puzzle by finding a nonce that produces a hash below the target difficulty.
The first miner to solve the puzzle broadcasts the block to the network.
Other nodes verify the block’s validity, including:
Correct block structure
Valid PoW solution
All transactions in the block are valid
Nodes add the new block to their local copy of the blockchain if valid.
1.3 Fork Resolution
In case of a fork, the chain with the most accumulated PoW (longest chain) is considered valid.
2. Solaris Layer: Delegated Proof-of-Stake (DPoS)
The Solaris Layer implements a DPoS consensus mechanism for faster transaction processing and smart contract execution:
2.1 Validator Selection
21 active validators are elected by BTC-S token holders.
Voting Power: Proportional to the amount of BTC-S staked.
2.2 Block Production
Block Time: 15 seconds
Block Size: Dynamic, up to 32MB
Validators take turns producing blocks in a round-robin fashion.
2.3 Block Validation
The selected validator proposes a new block.
Other validators verify the block’s validity.
If 2/3+ of validators approve, the block is finalized and added to the chain.
2.4 Validator Rotation and Penalties
Validator set rotates every 24 hours to ensure decentralization.
Validators can be penalized (slashed) for malicious behavior or poor performance.
3. Cross-Layer Interaction
The hybrid consensus mechanism ensures seamless interaction between the Base and Solaris layers:
3.1 State Synchronization
The Solaris Layer periodically commits its state to the Base Layer.
This commitment is included in a PoW block, leveraging the security of the Base Layer.
3.2 Validator Set Updates
Changes to the validator set on the Solaris Layer are recorded on the Base Layer.
This ensures that the validator selection process benefits from the immutability of the PoW chain.
3.3 Cross-Layer Transactions
Users can move assets between layers through a two-way peg mechanism.
These cross-layer transactions are verified and processed by both consensus mechanisms.
4. Security Considerations
4.1 51% Attack Resistance
The PoW Base Layer provides strong resistance against 51% attacks.
The DPoS Solaris Layer’s security is reinforced by periodic checkpoints on the Base Layer.
4.2 Byzantine Fault Tolerance
The Solaris Layer can tolerate up to 1/3 of validators being Byzantine (malicious or faulty).
4.3 Long-Range Attack Mitigation
Validator set changes recorded on the Base Layer prevent long-range attacks on the Solaris Layer.
5. Scalability and Performance
Base Layer: Capable of processing up to 3,000 transactions per second (TPS).
Solaris Layer: Achieves up to 100,000 TPS with near-instant finality.
This hybrid consensus mechanism allows Bitcoin Solaris to maintain a high level of security while enabling the scalability and advanced features required for a next-generation blockchain platform.
Last updated