Bitcoin Solaris
  • Introduction
    • Project Overview
      • Technology Overview
      • Modernizing Bitcoin for DeFi Integration
      • Integrating Solana: Enhancing Bitcoin Solaris
  • Blockchain Information
    • Blockchain Architecture
      • Hybrid PoW/DPoS Consensus Mechanism
    • Dual-Layer Blockchain
    • Gas and Fee Structure
    • Validators in the Bitcoin Solaris Network
      • Validator Selection and Rotation
    • Smart Contract Programming Language and Layers
      • Smart Contract Functionality
    • Official RPC Providers for Bitcoin Solaris
  • Token Information
    • Token Supply and Issuance
    • Bridging
    • Use Cases and Applications
    • sBTC-S Liquid Staking
    • Governance Model
    • Token Migration
  • Project Roadmap
  • Mining Information
    • Overview
    • Reward Distribution System
    • Solaris Nova Mining App
    • Mining Power Marketplace
    • Mining Devices and Specifications
  • Security Information
    • Security and Risk Management
    • Audit Reports
  • Development Team
  • Understanding Privacy
    • For Developers
    • For Users
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On this page
  • 1. Base Layer: Proof-of-Work (PoW)
  • 2. Solaris Layer: Delegated Proof-of-Stake (DPoS)
  • 3. Cross-Layer Interaction
  • 4. Security Considerations
  • 5. Scalability and Performance
  1. Blockchain Information
  2. Blockchain Architecture

Hybrid PoW/DPoS Consensus Mechanism

PreviousBlockchain ArchitectureNextDual-Layer Blockchain

Last updated 14 days ago

Bitcoin Solaris implements an innovative hybrid consensus mechanism that combines Proof-of-Work (PoW) and Delegated Proof-of-Stake (DPoS) across its dual-layer architecture. This approach leverages the security and decentralization of PoW with the scalability and energy efficiency of DPoS.

1. Base Layer: Proof-of-Work (PoW)

The Base Layer of Bitcoin Solaris utilizes a PoW consensus mechanism similar to Bitcoin, with some modifications:

1.1 Mining Algorithm

  • Algorithm: SHA-256 (compatible with existing Bitcoin mining hardware)

  • Difficulty Adjustment: Every 1008 blocks (approximately 3.5 days)

  • Block Time: 300 seconds (5 minutes)

1.2 Block Validation

  1. Miners compete to solve the PoW puzzle by finding a nonce that produces a hash below the target difficulty.

  2. The first miner to solve the puzzle broadcasts the block to the network.

  3. Other nodes verify the block’s validity, including:

    • Correct block structure

    • Valid PoW solution

    • All transactions in the block are valid

  4. Nodes add the new block to their local copy of the blockchain if valid.

1.3 Fork Resolution

  • In case of a fork, the chain with the most accumulated PoW (longest chain) is considered valid.

2. Solaris Layer: Delegated Proof-of-Stake (DPoS)

The Solaris Layer implements a DPoS consensus mechanism for faster transaction processing and smart contract execution:

2.1 Validator Selection

  • 21 active validators are elected by BTC-S token holders.

  • Voting Power: Proportional to the amount of BTC-S staked.

2.2 Block Production

  • Block Time: 15 seconds

  • Block Size: Dynamic, up to 32MB

  • Validators take turns producing blocks in a round-robin fashion.

2.3 Block Validation

  1. The selected validator proposes a new block.

  2. Other validators verify the block’s validity.

  3. If 2/3+ of validators approve, the block is finalized and added to the chain.

2.4 Validator Rotation and Penalties

  • Validator set rotates every 24 hours to ensure decentralization.

  • Validators can be penalized (slashed) for malicious behavior or poor performance.

3. Cross-Layer Interaction

The hybrid consensus mechanism ensures seamless interaction between the Base and Solaris layers:

3.1 State Synchronization

  • The Solaris Layer periodically commits its state to the Base Layer.

  • This commitment is included in a PoW block, leveraging the security of the Base Layer.

3.2 Validator Set Updates

  • Changes to the validator set on the Solaris Layer are recorded on the Base Layer.

  • This ensures that the validator selection process benefits from the immutability of the PoW chain.

3.3 Cross-Layer Transactions

  • Users can move assets between layers through a two-way peg mechanism.

  • These cross-layer transactions are verified and processed by both consensus mechanisms.

4. Security Considerations

4.1 51% Attack Resistance

  • The PoW Base Layer provides strong resistance against 51% attacks.

  • The DPoS Solaris Layer’s security is reinforced by periodic checkpoints on the Base Layer.

4.2 Byzantine Fault Tolerance

  • The Solaris Layer can tolerate up to 1/3 of validators being Byzantine (malicious or faulty).

4.3 Long-Range Attack Mitigation

  • Validator set changes recorded on the Base Layer prevent long-range attacks on the Solaris Layer.

5. Scalability and Performance

  • Base Layer: Capable of processing up to 3,000 transactions per second (TPS).

  • Solaris Layer: Achieves up to 100,000 TPS with near-instant finality.

This hybrid consensus mechanism allows Bitcoin Solaris to maintain a high level of security while enabling the scalability and advanced features required for a next-generation blockchain platform.